Addressing inequalities in research capacity in Africa.

This special theme issue includes a feast of high quality papers by African researchers on a range of topics of great relevance to health and health care in Africa. Despite our best efforts we did not achieve the geographical spread of submissions that we hoped for, mostly because we receive articles from authors in only a few African countries. We do not know the extent to which this reflects lack of research capacity or whether the prevailing political, social, and economic conditions in these countries militate against meaningful research. Whatever the reasons, the dearth of research done in Africa for Africa is untenable. Research capacity—comprising the institutional and regulatory frameworks, infrastructure, investment, and sufficiently skilled people to conduct and publish research—varies widely across African countries. In a report to the World Bank that ranked countries according to their national investments and productivity in science and technology, South Africa, Egypt, and Mauritius did reasonably well, while the rest of Africa appeared at the bottom of the league table under “scientifically lagging countries.” Although this generalisation obscures the fact that scientifically less advanced countries may have excellent capacity in certain niche areas, there can be no doubt that African research is moribund. Inequalities in health research contribute to inequalities in health. If science is to live up to its promise to improve health and spur development, all countries should be able to participate in research. Research must reflect national priorities and focus particularly on conditions with high burdens in Africa’s populations, on evaluating interventions that aim to strengthen health systems, and on activities to convert knowledge into action. Collaboration in research, widely represented in this theme issue, may be one vehicle for strengthening research capacity in less privileged countries. African scientists welcome collaboration with the North as a means of overcoming barriers to research and promoting exchange of ideas. Unfortunately, Africans seem less enthusiastic about collaboration between countries within their own continent. This situation may improve: the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) is actively facilitating partnerships within Africa and with the international community. Given the unequal power relations between rich and poor nations, research collaboration between them poses certain risks. Guidelines on international partnerships in research should, however, help to minimise the danger of scientific colonialism masquerading as research collaboration. More partnerships with individuals and institutions in African countries are needed, but these should be equitable. Scientific motives and personal characteristics are not the only factors determining who collaborates with whom. Historical (often colonial) relations between countries, shared languages, and economic or security interests tend to promote contact between researchers and may provide earmarked funding for collaboration. Practical difficulties associated with countries’ infrastructure, systems for information and communication, travel, foreign exchange, and safety may also influence the establishment and maintenance of scientific interaction. Such factors leave the most disadvantaged countries as the least likely to attract investment research. The United Nation’s 2005 Human Development Report noted that inequalities between and within countries are growing rapidly and that the concept of international development aid trickling down to the poorest has not worked. Facilitating research partnerships that include the most disadvantaged groups will depend on targeted investments by the international community as well as by Africans. Good examples of such partnerships can be found in papers in this issue. 11–13 More can be done if overall